Noni juice is derived from the fruit of the noni tree indigenous to Southeast Asia.

Noni Juice History
Sold in capsule form, pulp powder was the first noni product brought to the commercial market in Hawaii by Herbert Moniz of Herb’s Herbs in 1992 after patenting a unique noni dehydrating method. (US patent 5288491) In 1995, David Marcus, of Hawaiian Herbal Blessings Inc., began marketing the first traditionally fermented noni juice from Maui, Hawaii.

In 1996, Morinda Inc. (now Tahitian Noni International headquartered in Provo, Utah) acquired noni from French Polynesia to manufacture juice, capsule and personal care products for the western market.

There are now approximately 300 companies marketing noni juice in a global market estimated at more than $2 billion annually. Today, raw materials for noni juices on the world market mainly come from Polynesia but most manufacturers are in the United States.

Noni Juice Regulatory warnings and safety testing
In August 2004, the US Food and Drug Administration issued a warning letter to Flora, Inc. for violating section 201(g)(1) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the Act) [21 U.S.C. § 321(g)(1)]. Flora made twelve unfounded health claims about the purported benefits of noni juice as a medical product, in effect causing the juice to be evaluated as a drug. Under the Act, this necessitates all safety and clinical trial evidence for the juice providing such effects in humans.

The FDA letter also cited 1) absent scientific evidence for health benefits of noni phytochemicals, scopoletin and damnacanthal, neither of which has been confirmed with biological activity in humans, and 2) lack of scientific foundation for health claims made by two proponents of noni juice, Dr. Isabella Abbot and Dr. Ralph Heinicke.

Two other FDA letters have been issued for the same types of violations.

In the European Union, after safety testing on one particular brand of noni juice (Tahitian Noni), approval was granted in 2002 as a novel food by the European Commission for Health and Consumer Protection Directorate-General. In their report, the European Commission’s Scientific Committee made no endorsement of health claims.

No noni products have achieved sufficient scientific foundation for being licensed as medicines or therapies. Companies today must still apply to the European Commission for Health and Consumer Protection Directorate-General to have their own brand of noni juice included as a novel food under the initial approval.

Noni Juice Health and research problems
In 2005, two scientific publications described incidents of acute hepatitis caused by ingesting noni. One study suggested the toxin to be anthraquinones, found in roots, leaves and fruit of the noni, while the other named juice as the delivery method.

This was, however, followed by a publication showing that noni juice 1) was not toxic to the liver even when consumed in high doses, and 2) contained low quantities of anthraquinones which are potentially toxic to liver tissue.

The case reports of hepatitis were reviewed by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), wherein it was concluded that no causal link could be established. The potential for toxicity caused by noni juices remains under surveillance by EFSA, individual food safety authorities in France, Finland and Ireland, and medical investigators in Germany. A review of toxicity tests and the safety issues surrounding noni juice has been published.

The Physicians Desk Reference (”PDR”) for Non-Prescription Drugs and Dietary Supplements lists only one particular commercial brand of noni juice, with no side-effects mentioned. Consumers of noni juice are advised to carefully check labels for warnings which may say, “Not safe for pregnant women” or “Keep out of reach of children.”

Some commercial brands of noni juice may be high in potassium. While potassium is a valuable nutrient in a normal diet, persons with advanced kidney disease cannot excrete it properly and should avoid noni juice which has been known to cause hyperkalemia. Of related significance is a report showing high variability in mineral contents between various brands of noni juice.

Athletes intending to use noni juice to supplement their diet should be aware that two brands of noni juice are listed on ConsumerLab.com’s “Athletic Banned Substance Screening Program” as having been screened for substances on the World Anti-Doping Code Prohibited List.

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noni_juice

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This is all just great.

Who is Ida?

Ida is a 47 million year old, perfectly preserved primate recovered from the Messel Pit in Germany.

Ida is the most complete early primate fossil ever found, and scientists believe that she could be one of our earliest ancestors. She is a remarkable link between the first primates and modern humans and despite having lived 47 million years ago, her features show striking similarities to our own.

For 150 years, scientists have debated the course of our evolutionary journey from tree-dwelling primate to modern Homo sapiens.

When Darwin put forward the theory of evolution in his book “On The Origin of Species”, he suggested that there were transitional species linking humans with the rest of animal life.

Since Darwin’s time, palaeontologists have made important discoveries of fossils that have begun to uncover our prehistoric ancestry. Best known of these fossils is Lucy, a hominid who lived around 3.2 million years ago at the time when our ancestors started walking upright. But before Lucy there are massive gaps in the fossil record, and scientists have only had fragments of fossils to study.

Scientists have long hoped that the Earth might eventually yield an even more ancient fossil that links apes, man and all other primates to the earliest mammals on the planet. Now Ida is rewriting the history of our earliest origins. She is the most complete primate fossil ever found and has proto-anthropoid features, placing her at the base of the anthropoid branch which leads to monkeys, apes, and humans. Here at last, 150 years after the publication of “On The Origin of Species”, we have the link that connects us directly with the rest of the animal kingdom.

• http://www.revealingthelink.com/who-i…

Please rate and comment.

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D. Lorandos, Ph.D., J.D. – Is Parental Alienation Syndrome – Scientific? – Part 5

from the Canadian National Symposium on Parental Alienation – 2009 -

Error rates can be described for Parental Alienation Syndrome diagnosis. Error rates for personality tests can be used to establish the likelihood of PAS, our available error rate of estimations lend themselves readily to rater classification systems, so we could certainly apply an error rate analysis to our predictions or determinations that PAS exist. Or that a particular test gives us information about PAS.

Ok, what about peer review? Well, if we look at scores and scores and scores of published work in the scientific journals on PAS, or we look at the states in America with the Frye test, PAS admissible, or states in America under the Daubert Test, PAS admissible, or provinces in Canada under the Mohan test, PAS admissible. We can certainly say its met peer review. Series of editors, judges, scientific editors, publication of the work, it doesnt mean that it isnt controversial and were not still trying to move the database forward, but certainly concepts of Parental Alienation have met the criterion of peer review. Its been peer reviewed if you look at the work of Dr. Warshak and his statements about PAS, he points to scores and scores and scores of peer review processes about PAS.

Ok, error rate, falsification, peer review, yep, met those, general acceptance. Well, we just said that the Mohan test in Canada finds PAS admissible; the Frye test in the United States finds PAS concepts admissible and PAS under Daubert, heres a Daubert state, Alaska, admissible, Arkansas, admissible, Ohio, admissible, Louisiana, admissible, Wyoming, admissible. Oh ok, well, so it meets the Daubert criteria, it meets the Frye criteria, it meets the Mohan criteria. Ok, well thats another check for, Is PAS scientific?

What about validity? Scientific validity is the extent to which a test or a scale measures what it says its measuring. Are we measuring PAS or are we measuring the Red Wings? Huh? Are we measuring the same thing? Are we measuring PAS or are we predicting how the Maple Leaves are going to do? Huh? I dont know. Weve got to be measuring and talking about what we think were talking about. Thats validity. Concepts like internal validity, construct validity, certainly PAS is a construct. Can we operationally define it; are we clear in agreement about that constructs definition? Do we have external validity; do other people agree? Do we have statistical conclusion validity when we analyze the studies? Well, PAS has gone through that turn, that sort of validity analysis, again and again and again.

Now Klawar and Rivlin were asked to do a study of 700 divorced families for the American Bar Association. They found in 80% of these contested cases alienating processes. They said that there was strong evidence that an alienating parent played a primary role in PAS, that the alienating parents influence was mitigated in cases where the childs time with the target parent was increased. They found 40% of the children developed self-hatred and guilt because they were used as an ally in the war against the rejected parent. Now this was a study from many years ago in 1991 commissioned by the American Bar Association. Reliability, well, its another criterion for the evaluation of whether something is scientific or not is reliability. Has PAS been subject to analysis with respect to reliability? Im sure Dr. Campbell in our legendary battlesHeres an aside.

Dr. Gardner and Dr. Campbell carried on a legendary battle in the journals of science about PAS in the 1980s and early 1990s. And they were bombing, you know you got the psychiatrist boom saying, yes it is and its da da da. You got the psychologist, the empiricist, saying, show me your data, nanananana and nananna and sos your old man, and heck with you, and I would talk to Gardner and he would, steam would be coming out of his ears about this fakakta empiricist Dr. Campbell and then Id go and Id talk to Campbell and when he wasnt beating me up he would say, That Gardner, wheres his, thats his database, I havent seen any analysis, dadadadada, so I brought them together and bought them drinks and took them to dinner. And the chairman of the department of decisional sciences from Carnegie Mellon University and the head of the psychiatry law program at the University of Michigan graduate faculty were there, and they were, do dute do dute do dute do dute do dute, and after about three drinks the guys shook hands, hugged each other, and decided that they were a lot closer than they ever thought that they were. Maybe it was the scotch.

In any event, in an interesting study by Rueda, designed to test reliability concepts with respect to Parental Alienation, we find significant concordance among raters that PAS existed.

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Shy people often avoid situations that force close contact with other people. They worry that something they say or do will make others laugh at them.

But some people worry much more than others about being the target of laughter. These people are frightened. They suffer from an emotional disorder called gelotophobia. That long name comes from the Greek language. The word Gelos means laugh, while phobos means fear.

Victor Rubio is an expert on human behavior at the Autonomous University of Madrid. He says people laugh at others for many different reasons. He says being laughed at causes a fear response in the victim. That fear leads the victim to avoid social situations.

Gelotophobia limits the way they lead their lives.

Victor Rubio was among researchers in a huge international study about laughter. The researchers wanted to understand the difference between normal shyness and true gelotophobia. Another goal was to measure the fear of being laughed at within different cultures.

A team from the University of Zurich led ninety-three researchers from many countries in search of answers. The researchers surveyed more than twenty-two thousand people. They used questions provided in forty-two languages. Their findings were reported in the scientific publication Humor.

Some of the people questioned said they felt unsure of themselves in social situations. But they hid their feelings. Others said they avoided social situations where they had been laughed at before. People also admitted to differing levels of fear that they themselves were the targets of other peoples laughter.

The researchers measured and compared all these reactions. Fear of being laughed at, being made fun of, is a common emotion. But the researchers learned that these feelings differed from nation to nation. For example, the study found that people in Turkmenistan and Cambodia are likely to hide insecure feelings when they are around others’ laughter. But people in Iraq, Egypt and Jordan who feel they have been victims before may avoid such situations.

People in Finland were the least likely to believe that people laughing in their presence were making fun of them. Only eight and a half percent of Finns said they would — compared to eighty percent of those questioned in Thailand.

What would you think? You can comment at voaspecialenglish.com.

And that’s the VOA Special English Health Report.

(Adapted from a radio program broadcast 09Dec2009)

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Abstract: PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Klinefelter syndrome, 47,XXY and its variants, is the most common chromosomal aberration among men, with estimated frequency of 1: 500 among newborns. Men with Klinefelter syndrome present with sequels of hormonal and spermatogenic testicular failure like infertility, low testosterone, erectile dysfunction, and low bone mineral density. This review is aimed to provide the practicing urologist with an important source of clinically relevant information about Klinefelter syndrome. RECENT FINDINGS: Sperm can be found in over 50% of men with Klinefelter syndrome, thus men with Klinefelter syndrome are not sterile. Recent evidence suggests that children with Klinefelter syndrome are born with spermatogonia and lose large numbers of germ cells during puberty. Early diagnosis and treatment can improve the quality of life and the overall health of men with Klinefelter syndrome. SUMMARY: Growing interest in Klinefelter syndrome among translational scientists and clinicians will result in better understanding of the pathophysiology of testicular failure. In some states, screening programs for Klinefelter syndrome are already in place, which will increase the number of patients with Klinefelter syndrome seen by practicing urologists in the near future. Diagnosis and management of patients with Klinefelter syndrome is within the scope and training of urologists. Development of randomized clinical trials comparing different forms of interventions in men and children with Klinefelter syndrome will allow us to standardize the care of these patients. Authors: Darius A Paduch, Ronnie G Fine, Alexander Bolyakov, Joseph Kiper (Affiliation: Department of Urology and Reproductive Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA. dap2013 at med.cornell.edu)

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Key strategies offered to reduce the number of heat-related athletic injuries among secondary school student athletes

SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS, June 18, 2009 As part of an ongoing effort to reduce the number of heat-related athletic injuries in secondary schools, today at its 60th annual meeting and clinical symposia at the Henry B. Gonzales Convention Center in San Antonio, the National Athletic Trainers Association (NATA) released an inter-association task force consensus statement which includes comprehensive recommendations on heat-acclimatization guidelines for secondary school athletics programs. The statement appears in the June 2009 issue of the Journal of Athletic Training, NATAs scientific publication.

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“An example of a fractal antenna: a space-filling curve called a Minkowski Island (ref 1).A fractal antenna is an antenna that uses a fractal, self-similar design to maximize the length, or increase the perimeter (on inside sections or the outer structure), of material that can receive or transmit electromagnetic signals within a given total surface area or volume.

Such fractal antennas are also referred to as multilevel, and space filling curves, but the key aspect lies in their repetition of a motif over two or more scale sizes,[1] or ‘iterations’. For this reason, fractal antennas are very compact, are multiband or wideband, and have useful applications in cellular telephone and microwave communications.

A good example of a fractal antenna as a spacefilling curve is in the form of a shrunken fractal helix [2] Here, each line of copper is just small fraction of a wavelength.

A fractal antenna’s response differs markedly from traditional antenna designs, in that it is capable of operating with good-to-excellent performance at many different frequencies simultaneously. Normally standard antennas have to be “cut” for the frequency for which they are to be used—and thus the standard antennas only work well at that frequency. This makes the fractal antenna an excellent design for wideband and multiband applications….

Fractal element antennas and superior performance
Antenna elements (as opposed to antenna arrays) made from self-similar shapes were first done by Nathan Cohen,[3] then a professor at Boston University, starting in 1988.

Cohen’s efforts with a variety of fractal antenna designs were first published in 1995 (thus the first scientific publication on fractal antennas), and a number of patents have been issued from the 1995 filing priority of invention (see list in references, for example). Most allusions to fractal antennas make reference to these ‘fractal element antennas’.

Many fractal element antennas use the fractal structure as a virtual combination of capacitors and inductors. This makes the antenna so that it has many different resonances which can be chosen and adjusted by choosing the proper fractal design.

Electrical resonances may not be directly related to a particular scale size of the fractal antenna structure. The physical size of the antenna is unrelated to its resonant or broadband performance. The general rule of antenna length being near target frequency wavelength does not apply itself in the same way with fractal antennas.

This complexity arises because the current on the structure has a complex arrangement caused by the inductance and self capacitance. In general, although their effective electrical length is longer, the fractal element antennas are themselves physically smaller.

Fractal element antennas are shrunken compared to conventional designs, and do not need additional components. In general the fractal dimension of a fractal antenna is a poor predictor of its performance and application.
Not all fractal antennas work well for a given application or set of applications. Computer search methods and antennas simulations are commonly used to identify which fractal antenna designs best meet the need of the application.
Although the first validation of the technology was published as early as 1995 (see ref.1) recent independent studies continue to show the superiority of the fractal element technology in real-life applications, such as RFID…..”

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractal_antenna

This video is of my first build of a FRACTAL ANTENNA as seen on…

http://www.instructables.com/id/How_to_make_a_fractal_antenna_for_HDTV_DTV_plus_/

full instuctions and dimentions can be found there.

Results were AMAZING. I would say this antenna is around 90% as efficient as the regular “Coat Hanger” type antennas I have been building recently. Do not be put off by the size of this antenna as it really does perform well. Adding a reflector seemed to help slightly, but I had to space it around an inch from the antenn for best result. When mounted in the Blue satellite dish it works best of all but became very directional (What you want) I will be adding more videos and results shortly here and on VisionPlus.US

More DIY projects like this on the VisionPlus.US Forum

www.VisionPlus.US

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Key strategies offered to reduce the number of heat-related athletic injuries among secondary school student athletes

SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS, June 18, 2009 As part of an ongoing effort to reduce the number of heat-related athletic injuries in secondary schools, today at its 60th annual meeting and clinical symposia at the Henry B. Gonzales Convention Center in San Antonio, the National Athletic Trainers Association (NATA) released an inter-association task force consensus statement which includes comprehensive recommendations on heat-acclimatization guidelines for secondary school athletics programs. The statement appears in the June 2009 issue of the Journal of Athletic Training, NATAs scientific publication.

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